Gingival recession, also known as receding gums, is a common dental condition that affects many adults. It occurs when the margin of the gum tissue surrounding the teeth wears away, exposing more of the tooth surface. This can lead to various problems such as tooth sensitivity, decay, and aesthetic concerns. While mild recession may not require treatment, more severe cases need to be addressed to protect the health of the teeth and gums. This article will examine the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment options for gingival recession.

What Causes the Gingival Recession?

Receding gums can be caused by a variety of factors.

  • Periodontal disease - This is the most common cause of gum disease. Bacterial plaque builds up on teeth and infects the gums, causing inflammation and destruction of gum tissue and bone.The receding then occurs as the infection progresses.
  • Aggressive brushing - Brushing too hard or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can gradually wear away gum tissue. Brushing horizontally can also contribute to recession.
  • Poor oral hygiene - Not properly removing plaque allows it to accumulate, leading to gingivitis and more severe periodontal disease.
  • Smoking - Chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage gum tissues. Smokers have a higher risk of receding gums.
  • Clenching and grinding teeth - This excessive force exerted on teeth can pull the gums downward. Using a night guard can help prevent this.
  • Misaligned teeth or uneven bite - Crooked or crowded teeth, fillings that are too high, or other bite issues can put more force on the teeth and bones. Orthodontic treatment may be needed.
  • Aging - Gums naturally recede as people age due to thinner gum tissue. Older adults have a higher prevalence of recession.

Symptoms of Gingival Recession

  • Sensitivity - The root surface exposed by receding gums has no protective enamel layer, making it more sensitive. Hot, cold, sweet foods or drinks and brushing may cause pain.
  • Tooth appearance - More of the tooth's root or crown may become visible as gums recede. Roots appear more yellow than the whiter crown portion.
  • Notching - Gums take on an uneven, notched appearance at their margin as recession occurs.
  • Cavities and decay - With a more exposed root area, the risk of decay along the margin increases.
  • Tooth loosening - Loss of gum attachment and underlying bone can lead to loose teeth.

Preventing Further Recession

Once a recession occurs, the goal is to prevent it from getting worse. Proper oral hygiene and professional cleanings are key. One should brush twice daily with a soft-bristled brush using the modified Bass technique, which involves angled bristle contact along the gumline. Flossing daily and rinsing with antimicrobial mouthwash also helps maintain gum health. Avoiding tobacco and getting treatment for clenching/grinding are important as well.

Treatment Options for Gingival Recession

Mild cases require no treatment beyond proper home care and regular cleanings. More significant recession may warrant restorative procedures:

  • Root coverage procedures - Gum tissue is grafted from the palate or another donor source to cover exposed roots. This can reduce sensitivity and improve aesthetics.
  • Pinhole surgical technique - This minimally invasive approach involves pin-sized holes through which tools access the gumline for grafting. Healing time is shortened.
  • Gum grafts - Healthy gum tissue is removed from elsewhere in the mouth and surgically placed over the recession. Both soft tissue grafts and those using hard and soft tissue can be effective.
  • Soft tissue allografts - For large areas of recession, donated graft tissue can be used so patients avoid palate donor sites.
  • Guided tissue regeneration - Barrier membranes are placed below the gums to help regenerate bone and gum growth in severe recession.
  • Dental crowns - A cap placed over the tooth can physically protect the roots and improve appearance. This is often done after root coverage procedures.

While receding gums won't necessarily reverse themselves, today's treatment options can help halt progression. Working closely with your dentist will allow you to find the most appropriate solutions for managing your Gingival recession and protecting your oral health. With proper care, you can achieve healthy, visually appealing gums.